Phase Transformations Microstructural Control

Phase Transformations Microstructural Control Phase transformations microstructural control 2xxx-series Aluminum Alloys Introduction: 2000 Series Aluminum Alloys: Principal alloying element is copper with minor additions of manganese and magnesium. This series of aluminum is the original heat treatable alloy group developed in the 1920s. The best known, most widely used heat treatable alloy for aircraft and aerospace is 2024. Can be spot and friction welded but not fusion welded (a few exceptions being tank structures in the Titan Missile). Has good formability in the annealed temper condition and some formability in the solution treated and aged condition, but needs intelligent application in complex designs. Has excellent fatigue properties when compared to other aluminum alloys, excellent strength to weight ratio. Good machinability. Poor resistance to corrosion without alclad layer or secondary chem film, anodize and/or prime and paint. Can be chem film and anodized readily. Other 2000 series alloys include 2017 seen widely in aluminum rivets, fasteners and screw machine parts and 2014 which is used heavily in forgings. These three alloys, 2024, 2014, and 2017 can be considered the foundations of aluminum aircraft, missiles and space vehicles during these past 75 years. Heat Treating Aluminum Alloys: (1) Example 2024: Aluminum alloys are not allotropic they do not undergo a phase or structure change like steels when heating. But if the right alloying additions are present they can be heat treated by solution heat treating and precipitation hardening. In the early days (1930s) solution heat treatment was referred to as ST, and many times precipitation hardening was referred to as aging. Solution heat treatment involves temperatures very close to the melting point of the aluminum alloy, usually 200 300 deg. below the melting point. The purpose is to provide enough thermal energy to dissolve, in a solid solution, the alloy elements present. In the case of 2024, the major alloy element is copper, and by taking the part to 920 deg. F, the copper present within the 2024 will dissolve or disperse uniformly throughout the solid aluminum part. This can be difficult to comprehend how can something dissolve and still be solid? As Einstein once said, everything is relative Without getting into the solid state physics of the metallurgical reactions, dissolution does occur but only at this high temperature. However, if you slowly cool down the part, the copper wants to come back out of solution. Here is where the important step of quenching takes place. Quenching is a very rapid cool down, using water, on the order of 500 600 deg. per second. Quenching locks in place all alloy elements that have been dissolved at the high solution heat treat temperature. Before the alloy additions can think about changing places and moving back out of solution wham! they are locked in place by the rapid quench cool down. The result is called a super saturated solid solution an unstable condition. Quenching is critical to proper solution heat treatment. Aging Precipitation Hardening can now happen under the right conditions. In the case of natural aging of 2024, or aging at room temperature, the dissolved copper slowly comes back out of solution over an extended time (96 hours minimum), forming CuAl precipitants. Precipitants or precipitated particles can be thought of as army commandos, coming from nowhere out of the sky to stand guard, strengthening the territory. Indeed the word precipitant comes from the weather term precipitation meaning to separate and fall from solution (clouds). Precipitated particles in heat treatable aluminum alloys strengthen the alloy by pinning or locking up numerous microstructural features in the aluminum. Other heat treatable alloys like 6061 and 7075 undergo very similar precipitation reactions, with the actual precipitated particles differing depending on whether zinc, magnesium, manganese, silicon or copper additions are present. The way that metallurgists control the formation of these precipitants will determine the mechanical and corrosion properties later. In the case of artificial aging or precipitation hardening, the previously solution heat treated and quenched parts are subjected to elevated temperatures (instead of room temperature) in the range of 225-375 deg. F over extended periods of time (4-24 hours). The precipitants formed and grown here are more controlled and substantial in nature, resulting in higher mechanical properties as compared to naturally aged conditions. Abstract: Recently, Aluminum and Aluminum alloys are broadly used in several fields of industries due to their properties such as, light weight (low density), good formability, good malleability, high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity and high corrosion resistance. In general, pure aluminum and its alloys still have many problems during using in the engineering applications; for example: unstable mechanical properties and relatively low strength . Therefore; adding alloying elements, and heat treatment are done to modify the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of aluminum. The alloying elements could be classified as major and minor elements, microstructure modifiers or impurities, where the minor elements in some alloys may be major elements in other alloys. This report investigates the influences of copper as alloying element on aluminum alloys and then the microstructures mechanical properties relations in this regards. Introduction: Aluminum copper alloys are gaining huge industrial usage because of their outstanding combination of mechanical, physical properties. These properties involve high specific strength specially high temperature strength, high hardness. These properties obtained through addition of copper and other alloy elements and heat treatment ability of this series. Alloying elements are chosen according to their effects and suitability (1) Aluminium-Copper Alloys: Due to the wrought aluminum alloys designation system, aluminium copper alloys are designated 2xxx series. the major alloying element in this series is copper (Cu). 2xxx series could include manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), Silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), and nickel (Ni) as minor alloying elements. Table (1) shows the chemical compositions of some wrought aluminum-copper alloys (2xxx) (2): Table (1): chemical compositions of Al-Cu alloys Alloy Si% Cu% Mn% Mg% Ni% Ti% Other elements% 2011 0.4 max 5.0 6.0 Pb=0.4 Bi=0.4 2014 0.5 1.2 3.9 5.0 0.4 1.2 0.2-0.8 0.15 max 2017 0.2 0.8 3.5 4.5 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.15 max 2018 0.9 max 3.5-4.5 0.4-0.9 1.7-2.3 2024 0. 5 max 3.8 4.9 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.8 0.15 max 2025 0.5-1.2 3.9-5.0 0.4-1.2 0.15 max 2124 0. 2 max 3.8 4.9 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.8 0.15 max 2219 0. 2 max 5.6 6.8 0.2 0.4 0.02 0.1 V=0.1 Zr=0.18 2319 0. 2 max 5.6-6.8 0.2-0.4 0.1-0.2 V=0.1, Zr=0.18 Microstructure-Property Relationships: Copper which is the primary alloying element in the 2xxx series alloys increases the tensile strength, fatigue strength and hardness of aluminum alloys because of the effect of solid solution hardening. It also improve the machinability of alloys by increasing matrix hardness. However, copper reduces the corrosion resistance and the ductility. The following diagram illustrates the maximum solubility of copper in aluminum (up to 6.5%) (2). Fig (4): Partial phase diagram for the aluminum-copper system showing the maximum solubility of copper in aluminum Good solubility of copper in aluminum up to 5.65% at T=548oC (eutectic temperature). Eutectic phase consists of ÃŽÂ ± phase (Al 5.65%Cu) which is ductile and ÃŽÂ ¸ phase (CuAl2;52.75%Cu) which is brittle. 5 > 5% Cu ÃŽÂ ± phase in some cases surrounded by ÃŽÂ ¸ phase. 33% Cu so brittle according to high amount of brittle ÃŽÂ ¸ phase. Aluminum-copper alloys are the group of aluminum alloys which are heat-treatable. Where by increasing temperature copper demonstrates increasing solid solubility in aluminum. As sequence significant additional strengthening could be produced and stabilizing of the structure could be achieved (7). References: 1. Rana R S, Purohit R, Das S. Reviews on the Influences of Alloying Elements on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloys and Aluminium Alloys composites. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 6, 2012; ISSN 2250-3153. 2. Substances Technologies. Wrought aluminum-copper alloys (2xxx). Weblog. Available from: http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=wrought_aluminum-copper_alloys_2xxx 3. Yong Lee C, Hyun Choi D, Bae Lee W, Park SK, Yeon YM, Jung SB. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Double-Friction Stir Welded 2219 Al Alloy. Materials Transactions , Vol. 49, No. 4 (2008) pp. 885 to 888. 4. Robinson J. S,. Cudd R. L,. Evans J. T. Creep resistant aluminium alloys and their applications. Materials perspective 2003. 5. The Aluminum Association, Inc. Aluminum Alloy Selection and Applications. 1998; (202) 862-5100. 6. ASM Vol 06 Welding, Brazing, and Soldering. 7. AlcoTec. The Differences Between Heat-Treatable and Non-Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys. Weblog. Available from: http://www.alcotec.com/us/en/education/knowledge/qa/The-Differences-Between-Heat-Treatable-and-Non-Heat-Treatable-Aluminum-Alloys.cfm 8. Yong Lee1C, Choi1DH, Lee WB, Park SK, Yeon YM, Jung SB. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Double-Friction Stir Welded 2219 Al Alloy. 2008;Materials Transactions, Vol. 49, No. 4 (2008) pp. 885 to 888.

Green Computing Research Essay

Operations, Natalie, is the program sponsor. Ito is the program manager, and there is a steering committee made up of ten senior executives, including Natalie, overseeing the program. There are several projects underneath this program, one being the Green Computing Research Project. The CIO and project sponsor, Ben, has given this project high priority and plans to hold special interview s to hand – pick the project manager and team. Ben is also a member of the program steer ing committee. Before coming to We A re Big, Inc., Ben sponsored a project at a large computer firm to improve data centerefficiency. This project, however, is much broader than that one was. The main purpose of the Green Computing Research Project is to research possible applications of gre en computing including: Data center and overall energy efficiency The disposal of electronic waste and recycling Telecommuting Virtualization of server resources Thin client solutions Use of open source software, and Development of new software to addres s green computing for internal use and potential sale to other organizations The budget for the project was $500, 000, and the goal was to provide an extensive report, including detailed financial analysis and recommendations on what green computing technologies to implement. Official project request forms for the recommended solutions would also be created as part of the project. Ben decided to have a small group of people, five to be exact, dedicated to working on this six – month project full – time and to call on people inoth er areason an as – needed basis. He wanted to personally be involved in selecting the proje ct manager and have that person help him to select the rest of the project team. Ben wanted to find people already working inside the company, but he was also open to reviewing applications for potential new employees to work specifically on this project as long asthey could start quickly. Since many good people were located in different parts of the world, Ben thought it made sense to select the best people he could find and allow them to wor k virtually on the project. Ben also wanted the project manager to do more than just mana ge the project. He or she would also do some of the research, writing, editing, and the like required to produce the desi red results. He was also open to paying expert consultants for their advice and purchasing books and related articles, as needed. Tasks 1. Research green computing and projects that have been done or are being done by large organizations such as IBM, Dell, H P, and Google. See www.greener – computing.com and similar sites provided on the companion Web site or that you find yourself. Include your definition of green computing to include all of the topics listed in the background scenario. Describe each of these areas of

Frederick Douglass Quotes on Womens Rights

Frederick Douglass was an American abolitionist and former slave, and one of the most famous 19th-century orators and lecturers. He was present at the Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention of 1848 and advocated for womens rights along with abolition and the rights of African Americans. Douglass last speech was to the National Council of Women in 1895; he died of a heart attack suffered the evening of the speech. Selected Frederick Douglass Quotations [Masthead of his newspaper, North Star, founded 1847] Right is of no sex - Truth is of no color - God is the Father of us all, and we are all Brethren. When the true history of the antislavery cause shall be written, women will occupy a large space in its pages, for the cause of the slave has been peculiarly womans cause. [Life and Times of Frederick Douglass,1881] Observing womans agency, devotion and efficiency in pleading the cause of the slave, gratitude for this high service early moved me to give favorable attention to the subject of what is called womans rights and caused me to be denominated a womans rights man. I am glad to say I have never been ashamed to be thus designated. [Life and Times of Frederick Douglass,1881] [A] woman should have every honorable motive to exertion which is enjoyed by man, to the full extent of her capacities and endowments. The case is too plain for argument. Nature has given woman the same powers, and subjected her to the same earth, breathes the same air, subsists on the same food, physical, moral, mental and spiritual. She has, therefore, an equal right with man, in all efforts to obtain and maintain a perfect existence. Woman should have justice as well as praise, and if she is to dispense with either, she can better afford to part with the latter than the former. Woman, however, like the colored man, will never be taken by her brother and lifted to a position. What she desires, she must fight for. We hold woman to be justly entitled to all we claim for man. We go farther, and express our conviction that all political rights which it is expedient for man to exercise, it is equally so for women. [At the 1848 Womens Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, according to Stanton et al in [History of Woman Suffrage] A discussion of the rights of animals would be regarded with far more complacency by many of what are called the wise and the good of our land, than would be a discussion of the rights of woman. [From an 1848 article in the North Star about the Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention and its reception by the general public] Should the females of New York be placed on a level of equality with males before the law? If so, let us petition for this impartial justice for women. In order to insure this equal justice should the females of New York, like the males, have a voice in appointing the law makers and the law administrators? If so, let us petition for Womans Right to Suffrage. [1853] On putting a priority, after the Civil War, on votes for African Americans males before women in general] When women, because they are women, are dragged from their homes and hung upon lampposts; when their children are torn from their arms and their brains dashed upon the pavement;... then they will have the urgency to obtain the ballot. When I ran away from slavery, it was for myself; when I advocated emancipation, it was for my people; but when I stood up for the rights of women, self was out of the question, and I found a little nobility in the act. [About Harriet Tubman] Much that you have done would seem improbable to those who do not know you as I know you. Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis.

The Role of Woman - 1397 Words

Throughout the course of the semester I feel as thought the roles of women from the readings we have read all relate to each other. I don’t think that the roles of women in British and colonial society changed much, if not at all. Each reading that we have read, the women’s role is mainly to stay home with her children to raise them and tend to them while the husband works and makes the income while sheltering his family. Another role that the women throughout these time periods is that most of them don’t know the outside world because of not doing much but raising their children. A role of women throughout British and colonial society is that the pressure of society influences on them. The only role of women that changed throughout these periods was their freedom and privileges. During the Victorian Age, the â€Å"Angel in the House† displayed the roles of women in British and colonial society. The Angel in the House was your ideal women and a part of the upper class in society. This woman was educated, as she would teach her children how to read. The Angel in the House was very devoted to her husband, but most of the time she was relatively unhappy. Two readings that talk about the roles of the women, is the â€Å"Angel in the House† is the poem â€Å"Angel in the House† by Patmore and the reading â€Å"Of Queens’ Garden† by Ruskin. The poem is about Patmore and how he sets up a model of his wife insisting that that’s how women should be. This woman is held up to many expectations and as aShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of A Woman Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesFor years, all things involving power and prestige had been controlled and owned by men. The role of a woman was believed to be limited to domestic responsibilities until the onset of the feminist movement. The twentieth century became a time of social change for women that found a voice in art via paintings, portraits, and photography. With time, women became more visible in public life, and art became the reflection of not only their suffering, but their perseverance, courage, and strength. FreedomRead MoreThe Role Of A Woman Essay2109 Words   |  9 PagesIn traditional society, the role of a woman is limited to her private sphere which is known to be the household. Of course, throughout time we have seen the rapid growth of awareness for women†™s rights, often resulting in protests and law changes. However, despite the new mindset, we are unable to escape the patriarchal system that runs society to this very day. As a practice that is embedded into our everyday growth, we often do not question its intentions. Our behaviours and attitudes towards oneRead MoreThe Gender Roles Of A Woman975 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a woman refuses to hold herself to the limits and constructs presented by a certain society and culture to be the norm, she is immediately outcasted and seen as a problem instead of embraced. Anowa, who is the young lady protagonist in Ama Ata Aidoo’s short story, â€Å"Anowa†, does just that. She challenges the gender roles in many ways throughout the story in order to push back against the idea that all women should accept the role as the passive bystander to her male counterpart that society andRead MoreRole of the Woman in Film1171 Words   |  5 PagesRole of the Woman in Film For many years, feminists have believed that the success of classical film is based on portraying women as objects and something to be acquired by men, but I don’t think that is the case. While this hypothesis can be seen in some much older films when that type of thinking was accepted, I believe that women have actually played great roles in some classic films. In Howard Hawks’ His Girl Friday, the whole film revolves around Hildy realizing that she plays a significantRead MoreGender Roles Of A Woman941 Words   |  4 PagesI honestly get so tired of hearing how a man and a woman should act. My mother raised me to be feminine and like boys. Now that I am older, I realize it is not hurt fault. Her mother did the same. When I came out to my mother at 17 I was so confused as to why should didn’t accept me. She would often say things like â€Å"I did not raise you that way.†, â€Å"You are feminine, how could you like girl’s?†, and â€Å"So are you know going to dress like a boy.† Well needless to say, still gay, and still feminine.Read MoreThe Role of Woman in The Odyssey1240 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough â€Å"The Odyssey† by the Greek poet Homer is very much an epic tale of a man’s heroic quest, women play an incredibly large role. Homer’s epic tale, â€Å"The Odyssey† revolves around Ulysses’ quest to return back to his wife, Penelope, so that he may be reunited with her and assume control over his palace, which has been overrun by suitors. Ulysses’ son, Telemachus attempts to regain authority in the presence of the many suitors but finds this difficult and embarks upon his own journey under theRead MoreGender Roles Of Man And Woman1668 Words   |  7 Pages From the beginning of the human race, gender roles of man and woman appeared to be straightforward with certain characteristics embedded in us. Women, being able to procreate, were sought to as nurturers, while men were to protect and provide for their family. Men were considered to be the dominant sex who lead, are powerful, and masculine, while women are considered to be nurturing, sensitive, and feminine. The stereotypes that individuals must encounter are visible everywhere from social situationsRead MoreRole Of A Typical American Woman935 Words   |  4 Pages Prompt #1 Throughout much of the early 20th century, women were regarded as traditional housewives. The role of a typical American woman was quite simple, compared to the standardized 21st century female; her job was to conceive children, take care of any household cleaning duties, and make sure her husband was happy. At the time, both parties were happy; the husband would go off to work and the spouse would reside at home; no worries. However, the economic downfall of the United States, ever soRead MoreGender As A Man And The Role Of A Woman932 Words   |  4 Pages Many people define gender as the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. In modern and traditional society, gender is used to teach the â€Å"role of a man and the role of a woman†. The role of gender in adolescent literature dates back to the first kind of literature for children, oral folk tales. On the beaches of Greece, Homer told the tale of Odysseus. A Greek king, who was strong, fearless and wise; whom traveled great lands and fought manyRead MoreGender Roles : The Man Or The Woman?1369 Words   |  6 PagesWho is supposed to take out the trash? The man or the woman? Gender roles have become norms within heterosexual relationships in our society. Beyond simple tasks being associated with gender—women washing dishes and men taking out the trash—power has also become tied to gender. Men have acquired an unbalanced hold of power that women have been denied. Ciara points out these unfair gender roles in her music video Like a Boy. To Ciara, men have been allowed to lie, cheat, be secretive, and come home

Compare And Contrast Batman Of Dc And Iron Man - 925 Words

Comics, (specifically superhero comics,) have been a pop culture icon for over 50 years. Though there are comics from all over the place, the main two companies that are most well known are Marvel comics and DC comics. Of these two companies, two of the most well known superheroes are Batman, of DC, and Iron Man, of Marvel. Though they have much in common, they have many differences that need to be discussed, because people are constantly trying to argue whether or not one hero is better than the other. Batman and Iron Man are two of these said heroes. Let’s start with money. Money is always a factor in life, is it not? I wish it were otherwise, but both Iron Man and Batman are successful in protecting the people of their respective†¦show more content†¦The two heroes both use technology to fight crime and protect the common people, but the tech they use is vastly different. Iron Man uses, to an extent, a suit of armor. Equipped with the power of the ARC reactor, the Iron Man suit has many different weapons and tech built into it. The first and foremost utility it uses is the jets located in the hands, feet, and back to fly. The power of the ARC reactor is nigh limitless, so this gives Tony the ability to fly at the same speed, if not faster than most military aircraft. Another important piece of equipment that was made before the Iron Man suit is J.A.R.V.I.S., Tony’s artificial intelligence. J.A.R.V.I.S. stands for Just A Rather Very Intelligent System, aptly named by Stark himself, and it is a highly sophisticated AI that runs most of Tony’s tech. J.A.R.V.I.S. usually serves as a reminder for Tony not to go completely nuts with his suit, something Tony usually ignores given the situation. Batman, however, uses a very broad assortment of gadgets, along with his martial arts skills and large amounts of money from Wayne Enterprises. Because of his intellect, he makes his own tech to help him as he fights crime in Gotham city. Among these gadgets is the grappling hook, Batman’s most prominent and well known gadgets. He uses it to escape sticky situations as well as climb to the rooftops where he moves. Some other things he uses are the finger-taser, freeze grenades, underwater bootShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesinterpreting results in authentic situations or give students the experience necessary to be able to use statistical methods in real settings. We believe that the exercises and examples are a particular strength of this text, and we invite you to compare the examples and exercises with those in other introductory statistics texts. Many students are skeptical of the relevance and importance of statistics. Contrived problem situations and artiï ¬ cial data often reinforce this skepticism. A strategy thatRead MoreContemporary Issues in Mana gement Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pageswork processes unintelligible. Translated, for example, into piece rates, standard costs, or overhead allocation rules, the underlying logic may be clear to the accounting expert but irrelevant to most employees (van der Veeken and Wouters 2002). By contrast, standard cost information broken down into its constituents for each process step could more easily be used for operational problem solving. (Ahrens and Chapman 2004: 279–80) Internal transparency in performance measurement and control systemsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 248 Fallacy of Circular Reasoning........................................................................................................... 250 Straw Man Fallacy.............................................................................................................................. 251 False Dilemma Fallacy........................................................................................

Criminal Jusitce Free Essays

Amanda Burris Introduction to the Courts Assignment 1. 1 Federalism: An outdated concept? Mrs. Mary Morgan January 14 2012 Federalism has been around since the start of our nation. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Jusitce or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has tried to balance and set boundaries between the national and state government which has changed significantly since the start of time. It is still evolving as we are in the twenty-first century. The role that our government has today is expanding. The framers helped create this federalist system, and outlined the powers in the Constitution. There are four types of power enumerated which can declare war, coin money, levy taxes, and regulate interstate commerce. The second type-implied power regulates telecommunications, and builds interstate highways. The third inherent power allows for defining itself from foreign and domestic enemies. The last power prohibited suspended the writ of habeas corpus, and tax exports (http://www. sparknotes. com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/federalism/section1. rhtml). At the Constitutional Convection, there was a lot of disagreement. Many feared that the government was too strong, and delegates were afraid that the state’s rights were weak. As a result the Constitution created a federal system where power is divided and shared between the national and state governments (http://www. sparknotes. com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/federalism/section2. rhtml). There are several pros and cons to federalism. Some of the pros include fosters state loyalties, creates laboratories of democracy, leads to political stability, encourages pluralism, and ensures separation of powers and prevents tyranny. The cons include preventing the creation of a national policy, and leading to a lack of accountability (http://www. sparknotes. com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/federalism/section4. rhtml). Concentrating all power in the federal government would pose as a serious threat to privacy and our constitutional rights for several reasons. Look at our current healthcare system now that President Obama has imposed there are five main freedoms’ I believe that we lose. First our freedom to chose what’s included in our health plan, second the freedom to be rewarded for healthy living, third freedom to choose a high-deductible coverage, fourth freedom to keep my existing plan, and last the freedom to chose a doctor. In addition, there will be increased coverage that will raise the cost, new taxes, penalties, and fee’s that will hurt small businesses (http://www. cmsschicago. org/chicago-senior-pulse-blog/2012/11/2/the-facts-of-obamacare. aspx#. UPRBglHheCe). Obama Healthcare is just one example of how allowing the government to have power can hurt the American people. Our current President is trying to get everything turned over to the government so in the end, we have to answer to them, and ultimately the government has total control. We are seeing in our day of age how dangerous, and out of control, the government is when power if given to them (http://www. cmsschicago. org/chicago-senior-pulse-blog/2012/11/2/the-facts-of-obamacare. aspx#. UPRBglHheCe). My position is that the government should have limited power, and that the power they have be shared fairly between the federal and state governments as it once was. Our government was never as controlling as it is today, partially because of the world we live in and because of the leader we have running our country. Today we are being told what healthcare plans are right for us and what our kids are allowed it consume in school. Another big issue is the government controlling guns now. Violence is never going to stop, if they government takes away the right to bear arms people who are truly motivated to commit a crime will be making homemade bombs. Violence is never going to end, and taking away guns is not going to help. This is the reality of the world we live in today, people are violent and motivated How to cite Criminal Jusitce, Essay examples

International Libel and Privacy The Automobile Manufacturers

Question: Discuss about theInternational Libel and Privacyfor the Automobile Manufacturers. Answer: The Plaintiff and the Defendants In this case, the plaintiffs are the automobile manufacturers. This is because they are the ones who are bringing a case in the court. They are protesting against unfair legislation passed by the parliament of Dubai. On the other hand, the defendant is the Emirate of Dubai. This is because the case is brought against them, and they are compelled to respond by defending themselves against the accusations that are brought forth, by the group of automobile manufacturers. Is it a Legal Remedy or an Equitable Remedy The case under consideration is an equitable remedy. An equitable remedy is where a plaintiff is seeking an injunction from the court. The aim of the injunction is to prevent the defendant from implementing an act that may be against the law or negatively affect the plaintiff. In the case above, the group of automobile manufacturers is bringing a case against the Emirate of Dubai, in a bid of preventing the emirate from implementing the law that restricts the emission of carbon dioxide in the emirates (Tarbuck Lester, 2009). On the other hand, a legal remedy is brought in a court when the plaintiff seeks for damages for harm caused through the actions of a defendant. The main aim of the legal remedy is to seek for compensation, as opposed to seeking an injunction. This compensation is always referred to as damages. In the case above, the group of automobile manufacturers are not seeking for any damages, and but their aim is to prevent the government from implementing a law that is not consistent with the Federal Laws of the region. The Primary Source of the Law The Primary source of law that the group of manufacturers were relying on was the Federal Law that governs the United Arab Emirates. (Glasser, 2013) Dubai is one of the Emirates within the UAE; hence, any law that that the emirates passes, and is inconsistent with the Federal Laws, the law is null and void, and can be challenged in the courts. Where to Find Relevant UAE Federal Laws One of the areas that can be used to find a relevant Federal Law of the UAE is by looking at the constitution of the country. The constitution explains the relationships between the different emirates, how they are governed (Dubai, 2010; Zahlan, 2016)). It also identifies some of the most important economic, environmental and social pillars of the emirates. A relevant UAE Federal law can also be found at the Federal Supreme Court. These are rulings issued by the Federal court regarding the issue, or issues that are related to the conflict being pursued. These laws can also be found at the Ministry of Justice (Hudec, 2013). This ministry provides regulations and laws that govern the affairs of federal ministries and departments. Branches in the Court Structure of the UAE There are three major branches within the court structure of the UAE. These branches are the Sharia Courts, The Criminal and The Civil Courts (Kawamura, 2013). These courts are always referred to as the Courts of First Instance. The other two types of court system are, the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cessation. References Dubai, C. (2010). United Arab Emirates. Sandgrouse, 14, 72-80. Glasser, C. J. (2013). The United Arab Emirates (UAE). International Libel and Privacy Handbook: A Global Reference for Journalists, Publishers, Webmasters, and Lawyers, Third Edition, 513-521. Hudec, R. E. (2010). Developing countries in the GATT legal system. Cambridge University Press. Kawamura, A. (2013). The Dubai Approach as a New Resolution System for Islamic Finance Dispute Cases. Tarbuck, A., Lester, C. (2009). Dubais Legal System: Creating a Legal Regulatory Framework for a Modern Society. Zahlan, R. S. (2016). The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman (Vol. 10). Routledge.